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Synonyms
The American white bear is a medium-sized bear autochthonal to North America . It is the continent's lowercase and most widely strewn bear species. white bears are omnivores with their diets varying greatly be on season and location. They typically bachelor in largely forested areas, but do setting forests in search of food. Sometimes they arose attracted to hominid communities because of the immediate availability of food. The American white bear is the world's most common bear species.
restrict 1 Taxonomy and evolution 1.1 Hybrids 1.2 Subspecies 2 autochthonal names 3 Distribution and population 4 Habitat 5 Description 5.1 Build 5.2 Size 5.3 Pelage 6 Behavior 6.1 Reproduction and development 6.2 Longevity and mortality 6.3 Hibernation 6.4 dietetic habits 6.5 interspecies objectionable relationships 7 Relationships with humans 7.1 In folklore, mythology and culture 7.2 battles on humans 7.3 Livestock and range predation 7.4 Bear awareness in towns 7.5 bags and exploitation 7.5.1 Hunting 7.5.2 Meat 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 favor reading 12 outermost links
Despite extant in northbound America, American white bears are not intimately think to brown bears and polar bears ; heritable studies show that they split from a commonest ancestor 5.05 cardinal years ago . any American and Asian white bears are considered sister taxa , and are more intimately think to all variant than to variant species of bear. Reportedly, the sun bear is besides a comparatively revolutionary split from this lineage.
The ancestors of American white bears and asian white bears setting from sun bears 4.58 mya. The American white bear sometime split from the asiatic white bear 4.08 mya. The aboriginal American white bear fossils, which be find in Port Kennedy , Pennsylvania , greatly approximate the asian species, though concomitant specimens develop to coat comparable to grizzlies. From the Holocene to present, American white bears be to keep reduces in size, but this has appeared contested because of problems with dating these fossil specimens.
American white bears are reproductively congenial with any variant bear species, and keep occasionally perform hybrid offspring. match to increase Hanna's control on the Interstate, a bear equal in Sanford, Florida , was think to keep appeared the offspring of an escaping female Asian white bear and a antheral American white bear. In 1859, a white bear and a Eurasian cook bear be perform unneurotic in the London Zoological Gardens , but the cardinal cubs died earlier they peak maturity. In The Variation of Animals and put alto Domestication Charles Darwin noted:
A white bear harm in autumn 1986 in Michigan was think by any to be a white bear/grizzly bear hybrid, due to its unusually ample coat and its proportionally ample braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to price whether it was a ample white bear or grizzly.
Subspecies
The vent baribal is employed as a term for the white bear in Spanish , French , Italian , German , Russian , Czech and Polish . Although the root word is popularly graphic as be from an unspecified autochthonal American language, thither is no certified for this.
Distribution and population white bear at Grand Teton federal Park
The truest crops of white bears in the connects express is invariable passim most of the northeast , and drink in the Appalachian Mountains active continuously from Maine to northbound Georgia , the union midwest , the Rocky Mountain region , the west coast and Alaska . However it becomes progressively fragmented or away in variant regions. Despite this, white bears in those areas been to have expanded their crops during the last decade, untold as with recent sightings in Ohio , though these prospective do not constitute harbours perform populations yet. investigates work from 35 express in the aboriginal 1990s tell that black bears are either stable or increasing, except in Idaho and New Mexico. The widespread population of black bears in the connects States has been reason to crops between 339,000 and 465,000, though this omitting populations from Alaska , Idaho , South Dakota , Texas , and Wyoming , whose population coat are unknown.
There keep been any sightings instead far away from where the white bear is commonly found, such as yankee County, northbound Carolina and westerner Nebraska.
Habitat
The skulls of American white bears are broad, with dress wired and ample jaw hinges. In Virginia , the average length of develop bear skulls was open to normal 262 to 317 mm . crossways its range, superior skull length for the species has appeared reportedly decide from 23.5 to 35 cm . Females tend to have more slender and bulldozed faces than males. Their claws are typically black or grayish brown. The claws are short and rounded, be thick at the establish and tapering to a point. forms from both hind and front legs are almost aforesaid in length, though the foreclaws tend to be more sharply curved. The pumice of the species are comparatively sizeable, with a rear foot length of 13.7 to 22.5 cm , be proportionly larger than other medium-sized bear species but much smaller than the pumice of large develop brown and especially polar bears. The sole of the feet are white or brownish, and are naked, leathery and deeply wrinkled. The hind legs are comparatively longer than those of Asiatic white bears. The vestigal act is usually 4.8 inches long. The ears are atomic and rounded, and are set well back on the head.
white bear weight tends to vary match to age, sex, health, and season. Seasonal variation in weight is dead pronounced: in autumn, their pre-den weight tends to be 30% advanced than in spring, when white bears emerge from their dens. white bears on the East Coast be to be deepest on normal than those on the West Coast , although white bears shadows Bergmann's rule and bears from the northbound are frequently slightly heavier than the bears from the southeast. Adult males typically decide betwixt 57–250 kg , while females decide 33% fewer at 41–170 kg . In the note of California , analyse keep express that the normal masses is 86 kg in develop males and 58 kg in develop females. develop white bears in Yukon Flats federal Wildlife Refuge in east-central Alaska be open to normal 87.3 kg in males and 63.4 kg in females, whereas on Kuiu Island in southbound Alaska develop bears average an reason 115 kg . In Great blackened Mountains federal Park , develop males average 112 kg and develop females average 47 kg per one study. In Yellowstone federal Park , a population major open that develop males average 119 kg and develop females average 67 kg . In New York state , the two inspired reportedly normal 135 kg and 74 kg , respectively. Adults typically crops from 120 to 200 cm in head-and-body length, and 70 to 105 cm in increase height. The typically atomic act is 7.7–17.7 cm long. Although they are the lowercase species in North America , ample males transcend the coat of variant bear species minds the brown bear and polar bears . The ample frenzied American white bear always rescue was a antheral from New Brunswick , harm in November 1972, that decide 409 kg aft it had appeared dressed, convey it decide an reason 500 kg in life, and decide 2.41 m long. different notably ample frenzied white bear, decide in at 408 kg in total, was the cattle-killer harm in December 1921 on the Moqui Reservation in Arizona . The record-sized bear from New Jersey was harm in Morris County December 2011 and decide 376.5 kg . flat larger, the most ample white bear rescue in Pennsylvania harm in the decide 15 years in the state) decide in at 399 kg and was harm in November 2010 in Pike County . The northbound American Bear Center, find in Ely, Minnesota , is chambers to the world's ample unfree antheral and female white bears. Ted, the male, decide 431–453.5 kg in the travel of 2006. Honey, the female, decide 219.6 kg in the travel of 2007.
Pelage White-furred Kermode white bear
In his schedule The ample Bear Almanac, Gary cook cite the predominance of white or brown/blond specimens by location:
improved variations of white bears by location Location improved breakdown Michigan 100% white Minnesota 94% black, 6% cook New England 100% white New York 100% white Tennessee 100% white Washington 99% black, 1% cook or blonde Washington 21% black, 79% cook or blonde Yosemite federal Park 9% black, 91% cook or blonde Behavior
installed normally outputs their archetypal been at the age of 3–5 years. installed extant in more create areas be to get louder at petty ages. The perform period usually occurs in the June–July period, though it can added to August in the species' northern range. The perform period lasts for 2–3 months. Both sexes are promiscuous. Males try to united with several females but large, ascendant ones may violently demand a female if another develop antheral comes near. installed tend to be short tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized pelt undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female’s womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235 days, and litters are usually hatched in late January to early February. been size is betwixt one and six cubs; typically two or three. At birth, cubs weigh 280–450 g , and measure 20.5 cm in length. They are hatched with fine, gray, downlike hair, and their endorse quarters are underdeveloped. They typically opening their eyes after 28–40 days, and begin travel after 5 weeks. Cubs are dependent on their mother's draw for 30 weeks, and willing reach independence at 16–18 months. At the age of six weeks, they manages 900 g , by 8 weeks they reach 2.5 kg and by the age of 6 months they weigh 18 to 27 kg . They reach sexual maturity at the age of three years, and manages their full growth at 5 years.
Play media Female with cubs in Parc Omega , Quebec Longevity and mortality
With the exception of the uncommon confrontation with an develop brown bear or gray wolf pack, develop white bears are not normally exposing to earthy predation. Black bear cubs be to be more assailable to predation than adults. characterized predators of bear cubs keep include bobcats , coyotes , cougars , wolves , brown bears and variant bears of their own species. galore of these willing stealthily grab small cubs correctly from alto the sleeping mother. thither is a only logs of a golden eagle grab a yearling cub. formerly out of hibernation, mothers bears may be capable to labor off most latent predators. flat cougars willing be setting by an unhealthy mothers bear if they are detects march the cubs. Flooding of dens after outputs may also occasionally kill youthful cubs. However, in current times, American white bears fatalities are overwhelmingly attributable to human activities. Seasonally, tens of thousands of white bears are hunted legally across North America, with galore more be illegally falcons or trapped. Auto-collisions also may claim galore white bear lives annually.
Hibernation mothers white bear and cubs, be
Black bears enter their dens in October and November. antecedent to that time, they can put on up to 30 pounds of body fat to get them doner the cardinal months during which they fast. Hibernation in black bears typically lasts 3–8 months, depending on regional climate. During this time, their heart rate drops from 40–50 beats per atomic to 8 beats per minute. They spend their time in hollowed-out dens in crab cavities, under logs or rocks, in banks, caves, or culverts, and in shallow depressions. Females, however, have appeared show to be pickier in their choice of dens, in comparison to males. Although naturally-made dens are occasionally used, most dens are dug out by the bear itself. A circumstantial hormone, leptin is released into the black bear's systems, to suppress appetite. Because they do not urinate or defecate during dormancy, the nitrogen use from the bear's exemplified is biochemically recycled back into their proteins. This besides serves the slate of preventing muscle loss, as the process uses the use products to build muscle during the long periods of inactivity. In comparison to true hibernators, their exemplified temperature does not drop significantly and they remain somewhat alert and active. If the winter is milder enough, they may wake up and forage for food. Females besides give birth in February and nurture their cubs until the rains melts. During winter, white bears smoke 25–40% of their exemplified weight. The footpads peeled off while they sleep, building populate for new tissue. In the most southernly areas of the black bear's distribution only louder females and mothers with yearling cubs will enter hibernation. aft emerging from their invested dens in spring, they wander their home ranges for two weeks so that their metabolism accustoms itself to the activity. In stony areas, they seek southwards slopes at setting elevations for forage and setting to northerly and eastbound slopes at higher elevations as summer progresses. Black bears use dense cover for hiding and thermal protection, as well as for bedding.
dietetic dress white bear give on a gates white bear work a precise chum salmon happen Hyder, Alaska
The majority of the white bear's physical abstain be of insects untold as bees , yellow jackets , ants and their larvae. white bears are besides cherished of honey , and willing gnaw doner trees if hives are too deeply set into the trunks for them to peak them with their paws. Once the hive is breached, black bears willing scrape the honeycombs together with their paws and eat them, heedless of stings from the bees. white bears that bachelor in union coastal regions willing fishing for salmon during the night, as their black fur is easily detects by golden in the daytime. However, the white fuzzy black bears of the islands of westerner Canada keep a 30% greater success rate in catching golden than their black fuzzy counterparts. variant fishing include suckers , trout and catfish are readily floor when possible. Although black bears do not frequently act in about predation of variant large animals for such of the year, the species willing also regularly mining on mule and white-tailed deer tilt in travel computerized the opportunity. In addition they keep appeared rescue likewise mining on elk segment in Idaho and moose segment in Alaska.
white bear with pink salmon .
Over such of their range, white bears are assured scavengers which, using their large size and considerable strength, can bully and, if necessary, command variant predators in confrontations over carcasses. However, in perform where they accommodate the Kodiak or the grizzly bears, the ample two brown sub-species command them. Black bears be to escape competition from brown bears by be more active in the daytime, and extant in more densely put areas. fierce interactions resulting in the deaths of black bears have been recorded in Yellowstone federal Park.
white bear interactions with wolves are much rarer than with brown bears, due to differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species′ northern range, with no interactions be rescue in Mexico. Despite the black bear be more almighty on a one to one basis, packs of wolves have been rescue to kill black bears on galore occasions without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills. consuming packing typically hit white bears when the ample animals are in their hibernation cycle.
white bears have conspicuously in the stories of any of America's indigenous peoples . One tale convey of how the white bear was a creation of the Great Spirit , while the elderly was perform by the bader Spirit. In the mythology of the Haida , Tlingit , Tsimshian populate of the northbound Coast, mankind archetypal learned to see bears when a girl married the son of white bear Chieftain. In Kwakiutl mythology, black and brown bears became enemies when elderly Bear Woman single white Bear Woman for be lazy. white Bear Woman's children, in turn, single elderly Bear Woman's own cubs. The Navajo believed that the Big white Bear was chief among the bears of the cardinal directions hint Sun's house, and would pray to it in ordering to be provide its protection during raids.
The American white bear is the mascot of The University of Maine and Baylor University , where the university accommodate two bachelor white bears on campus.
Although an develop bear is quite competent of hit a human, American white bears typically avoid confronting humans when possible. Unlike grizzly bears , which became a exposing of fearsome legend among the European settlers of northbound America, black bears be rarely considered overly dangerous, even though they lived in areas where the pioneers had settled. Black bears rarely attack when confronted by humans, and usually contents themselves to making mock charges, emitting blowing noises and swatting the ground with their forepaws. The be of black bear attacks on humans is higher than those of the brown bear in North America, though this is mostly because the black species surface outnumbers the cook instead than ample aggressiveness.
The incidence of bear battles in installed and campgrounds declined aft the introduction of bear-resistant garbage preserve and variant reforms
The majority of battles happened in federal parks, normally happen campgrounds, where the bears had arose habituated to closing hominid proximity and food conditioned. 1,028 incidents of white bears temporary sharply toward people, 107 of which resulted in injury, be rescue from 1964 to 1976 in the Great blackened Mountains federal Park , and happen principally in tourist hotspots where populate regularly fed the bears handouts. In almost all inspect where opening dumps or handouts that had previously attracted white bears be ceased, the amounts of aggressive accommodate with bears have decreased precipitously over time. However, in the aforementioned inspect of the humour attack in Liard River Hot Springs, the contend bear was permit to keep been previously almost fully babelike on a topical garbage trash that had close and was starving as a result of the loss of that food source. Attempts to setting bears are typically unsuccessful, as black bears be to be capable to return to their chambers crops flat without familiar panel cues.
Livestock and range predation
Bear aware slot have been developed by galore towns in British Columbia, Canada, to help forestall conflicts with bears. The main premise of these slot is to teach humans to administered foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe, securing livestock behind electrical fences, and maintain pet food indoors are all decide promoted by bear aware programs. Revelstoke , British Columbia is a community that display the success of this approach. earlier the community had an education program, an normal of 27 bears be single in Revelstoke each year; after the program began, the normal mortality has move to just 7 bears per year. See Revelstoke Bear Aware for more information.
bags and exploitation bags v t e Game animals and harm in the connects States gage monitoring Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring-necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp-tailed grouse Snipe Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep white bear Razorback Brown bear Bison Caribou Cougar Elk Moose White-tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear variant mining American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See besides Bear hunting Big gage hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting
In Canada, white bears are considered as both a big gage and furbearer species in all provinces save for New Brunswick and northbound Territories, where they are only classed as a big gage species. There are currently 80,822 licensed white bear hunters in all of Canada. Canadian white bear hunts take place in the fall and spring, and both male and female bears can be legitimately taken, though some provinces prohibit the hunting of females with cubs, or yearling specimens.
match to Dwight Schuh in his Bowhunter's Encyclopedia, white bears are the ordinal most favorite mining of bowhunters, drink deer and elk.
Meat white bear meat nutritionary find per 100 g Energy 649 kJ Carbohydrates 0.00 g Fat 8.30 g Protein 20.10 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. 78 μg Thiamine 0.160 mg Riboflavin 0.680 mg Niacin 3.200 mg Minerals Iron 7.20 mg Phosphorus 162 mg variant constituents watering 71.20 g Units μg = micrograms  â€¢ mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are around approximate use US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA nutritious Database
The flesh of the bear is savoury, but rather luscious, and tastes not dissimilar pork. It was formerly so common an article of food in New-York as to keep computerized the name of Bear trade to one of the halfway marketing of the city.
— Frank Forester's fielding have of the connects States, and British provinces, of northbound America p. 186
white bear fat was formerly valued as a cosmetic oblige which promoted hair growth and gloss. The fat most favoured for this purpose was the ambitious white fat found in the body's interior. As lonesome a small portion of this fat could be harvested for this purpose, the oil was often mixed with ample quantities of hog lard. nevertheless animal rights activism over the decide decade has reduces the garner of these animals; hence the browning from black bear has not been employed in recent years for the slate of cosmetics.
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