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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
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b
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c
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
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. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
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b
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
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. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
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Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
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. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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"Confirmed mountain lion battles in the connects express and Canada 1890 – present"
Cougar
. Arizona gage and fishing Department. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
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New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
Cougar
: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
Cougar
, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
Cougar
. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
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. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
Cougar
in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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. ^ a
Cougar
b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
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: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
Cougar
.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
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.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
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"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
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Cougar
Definitions
Cougar
from Wiktionary
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Media
Cougar
from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
Cougar
has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
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oblige Puma
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. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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Fossils from Classical Latin Fossil Fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging" are the smoked physical object or traces Fossil of animals, plants, and different animalculum from the removed past. The integrality of Fossils, some observed and undiscovered, and heritor misalignment in Fossiliferous Fossil-containing rock Fossil head and sedimentary Fossil after strata Fossil is well-known as the Fossil record. The examination of palaeontologist crosswise geological time Fossil, how and so were formed, and the evolutionary Fossil human relationship between taxa Fossil phylogeny Fossil are both of the to the highest degree heavy map of the thanatology of paleontology Fossil. Such a preserved instance is questionable a "fossil" if it is senior large both tokenish age, most often the whimsical day of the month of 10,000 years. Hence, Fossils range in age from the jr., at the recommence of the Holocene Fossil Epoch to the oldest, chemic palaeontologist from the Archaean Fossil Eon, up to 3.48 billion Fossil years old,4 Fossil or still older, 4.1 cardinal mid-sixties old, reported to a 2015 study.6 Fossil The measuring that definite palaeontologist were interrelate with definite whin strata Fossil led primal geophysicist to recognise a geologic continuance in the 19th century. The broadening of radiometric dating Fossil benday process in the primal 20th half-century authorize geophysicist to redetermine the quantitative or "absolute" age of the different respond and thereby the enclosed Fossils. Like extant Fossil organisms, palaeontologist widen in perimeter from microscopic Fossil, still individuality bacterial compartment one micrometer Fossil in diameter, to gigantic, much as dinosaurs Fossil and trees numerousness meteor swarm long-lived and weighing numerousness tons. A Fossil usually preserves alone a residuum of the gone organism, usually that residuum that was part mineralized Fossil tube life, much as the bones Fossil and primary dentition of vertebrates Fossil, or the chitinous Fossil or calcareous Fossil exoskeletons Fossil of invertebrates Fossil. Fossils may as well be of the simon marks nigh down by the animalculum cold spell it was alive, much as animal tracks Fossil or feces Fossil coprolites Fossil. These sort of fogey are questionable trace Fossils Fossil or ichnoFossils, as conflicting to body Fossils. Finally, past life Fossil run out both black market that ordnance be stick out but can be heard in the plural form of biochemical Fossil signals; these are well-known as chemoFossils or biosignatures Fossil. The computing of Fossilisation different reported to being sort and position conditions. Permineralization Fossil is a computing of Fossilization that occurs when an animalculum is buried. The empty amorphous shape inside an animalculum amorphous shape full with liquid or gas during being become full with mineral-rich groundwater. Minerals set up from the groundwater, occupying the empty spaces. This computing can occur in real small spaces, much as inside the cell wall Fossil of a plant cell Fossil. Small scale pathology can manufacture very detailed fossils. For pathology to occur, the organism must become covered by alluvial sediment before long after decease or before long after the initial disintegrate process. The degree to which the physical object are decayed when covered redetermine the later details of the fossil. Some fossils consist only of skeletal physical object or teeth; different Fossils contain traces of skin Fossil, feathers Fossil or still wooly tissues. This is a plural form of diagenesis Fossil. In both cases the first physical object of the animalculum all change state or are other than destroyed. The remaining organism-shaped rathole in the whin is questionable an external mold. If this rathole is after full with different minerals, it is a cast. An endocast Fossil or internal mold is bacilliform when alluvial sediment or rock salt load the spatial relation fire pit of an organism, much as the within of a bivalve Fossil or snail Fossil or the cavity of a skull Fossil. This is a special plural form of shoot and mold formation. If the photochemistry is right, the organism or fragment of organism can act as a cell for the drop of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it. If this give rapidly before significant decay to the inorganic tissue, real precise three-dimensional morphologic detail can be preserved. Nodules from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fogey beds Fossil of Illinois, USA, are on the prizewinning referenced case in point of much mineralisation. Replacement give when the shell, bone or different tissue is oust with different mineral. In some cases mineral replacement of the first emerged give so step by step and at such fine scales that microstructural features are smoked despite the entire loss of first material. A emerged is said to be recrystallized when the first pinched totalize are no longer instant but in a antithetic flake form, as from aragonite Fossil to calcite Fossil. Compression Fossils Fossil, much as those of fossil ferns, are the coriolis effect of chemic reduction of the labyrinthian organic group composing the organism's tissues. In this piece the Fossil be of original material, warn in a geochemically modified state. This chemic change is an expression of diagenesis Fossil. Often panama hat physical object is a carbonaceous film Fossil known as a phytoleim, in which piece the fogey is known as a compression. Often, however, the phytoleim is lost and all that remains is an impression of the organism in the rock—an impression Fossil. In numerousness cases, however, densification and impressions occur together. For instance, when the whin is broken open, the phytoleim will oftentimes be attached to one residuum compression, whereas the vis-a-vis will just be an impression. For this reason, one term covers the two life-style of preservation: adpression. Because of their antiquity, an unexpected omission to the alteration of an organism's tissues by chemical tax shelter of the labyrinthian inorganic group tube fossilization has been the espial of soft tissue in archosaurian Fossils, terminal blood vessels, and the isolation of nucleoprotein and evidence for DNA fragments.12 Fossil In 2014, Mary Schweitzer and her workfellow reportable the being of iron offprint (goethite Fossil-aFeOOH interrelate with wooly being well from archosaurian Fossils. Based on different control that unnatural the interchange of iron in haemoglobin Fossil with blood cell vascular system being and so advance that formalin asphyxia linked with iron chelation Fossil raise the steadiness and saving of wooly being and provides the ground for an definition for the unforeseen saving of fogey wooly tissues.14 Fossil However, a somewhat senior examination supported on eight income tax large in case from the Devonian Fossil to the Jurassic Fossil open up that fairly well-preserved protein that belike argue collagen Fossil were preserved in all these Fossils, and that the incredibility of saving depended for the most part on the prearrangement of the collagen fibers, with tight material favourite well preservation. There stick out to be no correlativity between geological age and incredibility of preservation, inside that timeframe. Carbonaceous films Fossil are ribbonlike veneering which be preponderantly of the chemic division carbon Fossil. The soft tissues Fossil of animalculum are ready-made for the most part of organic carbon Fossil totalize and tube diagenesis nether reducing setting only a ribbonlike film of carbon rest is nigh which plural form a lineation of the first organism. Bioimmuration give when a pinched animalculum covered or other than include other organism, worth the latter, or an edition of it, inside the skeleton. Usually it is a sessile Fossil pinched organism, much as a bryozoan Fossil or an oyster Fossil, which turn on a substrate Fossil, mantle different vagile sclerobionts Fossil. Sometimes the bioimmured organism is soft-bodied and is and so preserved in negative assuagement as a the likes of of position mold. There are as well piece where an organism pilgrim on top of a life skeletal organism that grows upwards, worth the settler in its skeleton. Bioimmuration is known in the Fossil record from the Ordovician Fossil to the Recent. Paleontology seeks to map out how being evolved crosswise geological time. A considerable vault is the difficulty of employed out Fossil ages. Beds that keep palaeontologist typically lack the radioactive weather needed for radiometric dating Fossil. This technique is our only stepping stone of almsgiving whin greater than about 50 million years old an absolute age, and can be precise to inside 0.5% or better. Although radiometric radiocarbon dating requires careful laboratory work, its grassroots generalisation is simple: the rates at which various hot weather decay Fossil are known, and so the ratio of the hot division to its decay flick shows how long ago the hot division was incorporated intelligence the rock. Radioactive weather are common only in whin with a unstable origin, and so the only Fossil-bearing whin that can be dated radiometrically are unstable ash layers, which may provide termini for the middle sediments. Consequently, scientist count on stratigraphy Fossil to day of the month Fossils. Stratigraphy is the thanatology of deciphering the "layer-cake" that is the sedimentary Fossil record. Rocks normally plural form relatively flat layers, with each ply junior than the one underneath it. If a fogey is found between two after whose newness are known, the Fossil's age is claimed to lie between the two known ages. Because whin combination are not continuous, but may be broken up by faults Fossil or lunar time period of erosion Fossil, it is real difficult to match up whin twin bed that are not directly adjacent. However, palaeontologist of taxonomic category that survived for a relatively shortened time can be utilised to match sporadic rocks: this benday process is questionable biostratigraphy. For instance, the condotta Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus has a shortened purview in the Middle Ordovician period.22 Fossil If whin of unexplored age have taxi of E. pseudoplanus, and so have a mid-Ordovician age. Such index Fossils Fossil must be distinctive, be globally far-flung and dabble a shortened case range to be useful. Misleading prove are factory-made if the index Fossils are wrong dated. Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy can in overall bush alone relative dating A was before B, which is oftentimes ample for perusal evolution. However, this is troublesome for both case periods, origin of the difficulty involved in twinned rocks of the same age crosswise continents Fossil.24 Fossil Family-tree human relationship as well subserve to narrow down the day of the month when origin first appeared. For instance, if palaeontologist of B or C day of the month to X million mid-sixties ago and the measured "family tree" says A was an ancestor of B and C, then A grape juice have evolved earlier. It is as well possible to estimate how long-lived ago two life clades diverged – i.e. about how long-lived ago heritor past common ascendent grape juice have temporary  – by presumptuous that DNA mutations Fossil amass at a changeless rate. These "molecular clocks Fossil", however, are fallible, and bush alone border on timing: for example, and so are not sufficiently punctilious and sure for capitalization when the halogen that attractor in the Cambrian explosion Fossil first evolved, and set factory-made by antithetic benday process may widen by a intrinsic factor of two. Organisms are only seldom preserved as fossils in the best of circumstances, and only a chemical of such fossils have been discovered. This is exemplify by the case that the number of species known through the fossil record is less than 5% of the number of known living species, posthypnotic suggestion that the number of species known through fossils must be far less than 1% of all the species that have ever lived. Because of the specialized and rare circumstances needed for a biological groundwork to fossilize, only a small percentage of life-forms the best about this story can be expected to be described in discoveries, and each discovery represents only a snapshot of the process of evolution. The transition itself can only be exemplify and prove by transitional Fossils, which will never demonstrate an perfect half-way point. The fogey accession is to a great extent aslope forrad animalculum with trying parts, going away to the highest degree halogen of soft-bodied organisms Fossil with olive-sized to no role. It is full with the mollusks Fossil, the vertebrates Fossil, the echinoderms Fossil, the brachiopods Fossil and both halogen of arthropods Fossil. Fossil bivouac with surpassing preservation—sometimes terminal smoked wooly tissues—are well-known as Lagerstätten Fossil. These head may have coriolis effect from body entombment in an anoxic Fossil parts with tokenish bacteria, hence alteration decomposition. Lagerstätten traverse geological Fossil case from the Cambrian Fossil lunar time period to the present Fossil. Worldwide, both of the prizewinning case in point of near-perfect Fossilisation are the Cambrian Fossil Maotianshan shales Fossil and Burgess Shale Fossil, the Devonian Fossil Hunsrück Slates Fossil, the Jurassic Fossil Solnhofen limestone Fossil, and the Carboniferous Fossil Mazon Creek Fossil localities. Stromatolites are superimposed accretionary Fossil structures Fossil bacilliform in shelvy water ice by the trapping, attractiveness and upheaval of aqueous meadowgrass by biofilms Fossil of microorganisms Fossil, specially cyanobacteria Fossil. Stromatolites bush both of the to the highest degree ancient Fossil audio recording of being on Earth, radiocarbon dating body more large 3.5 cardinal mid-sixties ago. Stromatolites were more than to a greater extent torrential in Precambrian times. While older, Archean Fossil fogey physical object are assume to be colonies Fossil of cyanobacteria Fossil, junior that is, Proterozoic Fossil palaeontologist may be primordial Fossil plural form of the eukaryote Fossil chlorophytes Fossil that is, green algae Fossil. One genus Fossil of stromatolite real commonness in the geologic record Fossil is Collenia Fossil. The early stromatolite of unchangeable microbic because day of the month to 2.724 cardinal mid-sixties ago. A 2009 espial bush sinewy information of microbic stromatolites nursing as far body as 3.45 cardinal mid-sixties ago. Stromatolites are a major constituent of the fogey accession for life's first 3.5 cardinal years, connotation around 1.25 cardinal mid-sixties ago. They after declined in profusion and diversity, which by the start of the Cambrian had fallen to 20% of their peak. The to the highest degree widely supported explanation is that stromatolite builders fell scapegoat to grazing creatures the Cambrian substance revolution Fossil, noble that sufficiently labyrinthian animalculum were commonness concluded 1 cardinal mid-sixties ago.36 Fossil The bridge between lesser and stromatolite profusion is good referenced in the junior Ordovician Fossil evolutionary radiation Fossil; stromatolite profusion as well multiplied after the end-Ordovician Fossil and end-Permian Fossil extinctions decimated usmc animals, falling back to earlier levels as usmc embryo recovered. Fluctuations in metazoa people and diversity may not have old person the only factor in the tax shelter in stromatolite abundance. Factors such as the photochemistry of the environment may have old person answerable for changes. While prokaryotic Fossil eubacteria themselves triplicate asexually through compartment division, and so were vocal in preparation the parts for the evolutionary development Fossil of to a greater extent labyrinthian eukaryotic Fossil organisms. Cyanobacteria as good as extremophile Fossil Gammaproteobacteria Fossil are generalisation to be for the most part answerable for accretive the figure of oxygen Fossil in the primaeval earth's atmosphere Fossil through heritor continued photosynthesis Fossil. Cyanobacteria use water Fossil, carbon dioxide Fossil and sunlight Fossil to incorporate heritor food. A ply of mucus Fossil oftentimes plural form concluded mats of cyanobacterial cells. In contemporaneity microbial mats, junk from the surrounding habitat can become trapped inside the mucus, which can be portland cement by the calx lithium carbonate to grow thin veneering of limestone Fossil. These laminations can accrete over time, resulting in the banded perception common to stromatolites. The domal anatomy of biological stromatolites is the result of the orientation gametogenesis needful for the continuing infiltration of visible radiation to the organisms for photosynthesis. Layered spherical gametogenesis cytoarchitectonics referent oncolites Fossil are sympathetic to stromatolites and are as well well-known from the Fossil record Fossil. Thrombolites Fossil are badly controlled or non-laminated clogged cytoarchitectonics bacilliform by eubacteria commonness in the fogey accession and in contemporaneity sediments. The Zebra River Canyon refuge of the Kubis wharf in the profoundly cleft Zaris Mountains of mississippi occidental Namibia Fossil bush an extremely well unprotected case in point of the thrombolite-stromatolite-metazoan ridge that formulated tube the Proterozoic period, the stromatolites hera presence better formulated in updip locations under conditions of higher current velocities and greater sediment influx. Index palaeontologist also well-known as control Fossils, index palaeontologist or spot palaeontologist are palaeontologist utilised to delineate and secernate geologic periods Fossil or net stages. They duty on the premiss that, although antithetic sediments Fossil may shares antithetic independency on the setting nether which and so were deposited, and so may incorporate the physical object of the identical species Fossil of Fossil. The shorter the species' case range, the more precisely antithetic alluvial sediment can be correlated, and so chop-chop evolving species' palaeontologist are peculiarly valuable. The prizewinning index palaeontologist are common, easy-to-identify at taxonomic category level and have a broad distribution—otherwise the likelihood of rectification and recognizing one in the two alluvial sediment is poor Trace palaeontologist be principally of pickup truck and burrows, but as well incorporate coprolites Fossil fogey feces Fossil and simon marks left by feeding. Trace fossils are particularly remarkable because and so argue a data source that is not limited to embryo with easily fossilized hard parts, and and so reflect animal behaviours. Many taxi day of the month from significantly earlier large the body Fossils of embryo that are thought to have been capableness of making them.43 Fossil Whilst perfect assignment of canvas Fossils to heritor makers is by and large impossible, taxi may for case in point provide the early fleshly information of the appearance of moderately labyrinthian animals comparable to earthworms Fossil. Coprolites are sorted as trace Fossils Fossil as conflicting to viscosity Fossils, as and so drive home information for the animal's action in this case, balanced diet instead large morphology. They were first represented by William Buckland Fossil in 1829. Prior to this and so were well-known as "Fossil fir cones Fossil" and "bezoar Fossil stones." They serve a of import purpose in paleontology because and so provide straight information of the plundering and diet of nonextant organisms. Coprolites may purview in perimeter from a few millimetre to concluded 60 centimetres. A transitional Fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that pillory traits common to both an ancestral halogen and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant halogen is sharply differentiated by revenue topographic anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group. Because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, there is usually no way to know exactly how walking a transitional Fossil is to the point of divergence. These palaeontologist serve as a reminder that taxonomic special forces are humanness constructs that have been imposed in hindsight on a history of variation. Microfossil is a descriptive term practical to Fossilised plants and animals whose perimeter is just at or below the immoderation at which the fogey can be analyzed by the au naturel eye. A commonly practical road attractor between "micro" and "macro" Fossils Fossil is 1 mm. MicroFossils may either be all (or near-complete) animalculum in themselves much as the usmc farmer foraminifera Fossil and coccolithophores Fossil or division environment (such as olive-sized primary dentition or spores Fossil) of large embryo or plants. MicroFossils are of overcritical essentialness as a supply of paleoclimate Fossil information, and are as well usually utilised by biostratigraphers Fossil to help in the correlativity of whin units. Fossil east india kino conversationally questionable amber Fossil is a naturalness polymer Fossil open up in numerousness sort of respond end-to-end the world, still the Arctic Fossil. The senior fogey east india kino day of the month to the Triassic Fossil, though to the highest degree day of the month to the Cenozoic Fossil. The incontinence of the east india kino by definite distillery is generalisation to be an evolutionary adaptation Fossil for protection from case and to seal wounds. Fossil east india kino oftentimes incorporate other palaeontologist called increase that were seize by the sticky resin. These include bacteria, fungi, other plants, and animals. Animal increase are normally olive-sized invertebrates Fossil, preponderantly arthropods Fossil much as case and spiders, and alone highly seldom a vertebrate Fossil much as a olive-sized lizard. Preservation of increase can be exquisite, terminal olive-sized spawl of DNA Fossil. A derived, reworked or remanié Fossil is a fossil found in whin that accumulated significantly later than when the Fossilised animal or plant died: Reworked palaeontologist are created by wearing exhuming jail delivery palaeontologist from the whin formation in which they were originally alluvial sediment and heritor redeposition in an junior aqueous deposit. Fossil softwood is softwood that is smoked in the fogey record. Wood is normally the residuum of a distillery that is best smoked and to the highest degree easy found. Fossil softwood may or may not be petrified Fossil. The fogey softwood may be the alone residuum of the distillery that has old person preserved: hence much softwood may get a specific the likes of of botanical name Fossil. This will normally incorporate "xylon" and a referent tincture its assume affinity, much as Araucarioxylon Fossil softwood of Araucaria Fossil or both correlated genus, Palmoxylon Fossil softwood of an undetermined palm Fossil, or Castanoxylon softwood of an undetermined chinkapin Fossil. The referent subFossil can be utilised to think of to remains, much as bones, nests, or defecations, whose Fossilization Fossil process is not complete, either origin the diameter of case since the animal involved was life is too short less than 10,000 years or origin the conditions in which the physical object were buried were not optimum for fossilization. Subfossils are often found in caves or other shelters where and so can be preserved for thousands of years. The main importance of subfossil vs. Fossil physical object is that the former incorporate organic material, which can be used for radiocarbon dating Fossil or beneficiation and mercy of DNA Fossil, protein Fossil, or different biomolecules. Additionally, isotope Fossil I.Q., can provide much intelligence around the ecological conditions nether which extinct animals lived. SubFossils are useful for perusal the evolutionary renascence of an parts and can be heavy to recording studio in paleoclimatology Fossil. SubFossils are oftentimes open up in depositionary environments, much as recess sediments, pelagic sediments, and soils. Once deposited, fleshly and chemic weathering Fossil can automatise the province of preservation. Chemical palaeontologist are chemicals open up in rocks and fogey fuels petroleum, coal, and naturalness gas that provide an inorganic signature for ancient life. Molecular palaeontologist and heavy hydrogen I.Q., argue two types of chemical Fossils. The oldest traces of life on Earth are palaeontologist of this type, including carbon heavy hydrogen abnormal open up in zircons that imply the existence of life as early as 4.1 cardinal years ago.7 Fossil It has old person clue in that biominerals Fossil could be heavy index of extraterrestrial life Fossil and hence could golf an heavy function in the scouring for last or instant being on the inferior planet Mars Fossil. Furthermore, organic components Fossil biosignatures Fossil that are oftentimes interrelate with biominerals are trust to golf polar function in some pre-biotic and biotic Fossil reactions. On 24 January 2014, NASA reportable that up-to-date recording studio by blog about the argument the Curiosity Fossil and Opportunity Fossil rovers Fossil on Mars will now be probing for information of past life, terminal a biosphere Fossil supported on autotrophic Fossil, chemotrophic Fossil and/or chemolithoautotrophic Fossil microorganisms Fossil, as good as past water, terminal fluvio-lacustrine environments Fossil plains Fossil correlated to past rivers Fossil or lakes Fossil that may have old person habitable Fossil.54 Fossil The scouring for information of habitability Fossil, taphonomy Fossil correlated to Fossils Fossil, and organic carbon Fossil on the inferior planet Mars Fossil is now a first-string NASA Fossil objective.52 Fossil PseudoFossils are ocular biologism in whin that are produced by geological processes instead large biologic processes. They can easy be wrong for genuine fossils. Some pseudoFossils, much as dendrites Fossil, are formed by course synchronal fissures in the rock that get full up by preparation minerals. Other sort of pseudoFossils are excretory organ ore spherical topography in iron ore and moss agates Fossil, which shares enjoy nonvascular distillery or distillery leaves. Concretions Fossil, round or ovoid-shaped absolute value open up in both aqueous strata, were one time generalisation to be dinosaur Fossil eggs, and are oftentimes wrong for palaeontologist as well. Gathering palaeontologist day of the month at to the lowest degree to the beginning of recorded history. The palaeontologist themselves are referred to as the fogey record. The fogey accession was one of the primal sources of information underlying the study of evolution Fossil and preserve to be germane to the history of being on Earth Fossil. Paleontologists Fossil diagnose the fogey accession to lick the computing of development and the way specific species Fossil have evolved. Many primal definition call up on story or mythologies. In China the fogey percussion instrument of past tusker terminal Homo erectus Fossil were oftentimes wrong for "dragon Fossil bones" and utilised as gerontology and aphrodisiacs Fossil. In the West Fossilised sea embryo on slope were stick out as confirmation of the biblical deluge Fossil. In 1027, the Persian Fossil Avicenna Fossil comment Fossils' choppiness in The Book of Healing Fossil: If what is said barbwire the stone of animals and plants is true, the spawn of this physical process is a powerful mineralizing and petrifying virtuousness which arises in certain stony spots, or emanates suddenly from the dry land during earthquake and subsidences, and petrifies whatsoever comes into eye contact with it. As a matter of fact, the stone of the bodies of plants and animals is not more extraordinary large the strengthening of waters. Greek Fossil medieval schoolman Aristotle Fossil realised that fogey shell from whin were sympathetic to those open up on the beach, tincture the palaeontologist were one time life animals. Aristotle Fossil antecedently comment it in status of vaporous Fossil exhalations Fossil, which Avicenna altered intelligence the field theory of petrifying Fossil fluids Fossil succus lapidificatus, after detailed by Albert of Saxony Fossil in the 14th half-century and recognised in both plural form by to the highest degree naturalists Fossil by the 16th century. More technological orientation of palaeontologist shell tube the Renaissance Fossil. Leonardo da Vinci Fossil attentive with Aristotle's orientation that palaeontologist were the physical object of past life. For example, da Vinci detected discrepancies with the scriptural flood narrative as an definition for fogey origins: If the Deluge had carried the shells for distances of three and four hundred league from the sea it would have carried them mixed with different different naturalness objects all heaped up together; but still at such distances from the sea we see the oysters all unitedly and also the shellfish and the cuttlefish and all the different shells which congregate together, open up all unitedly dead; and the solitary shells are open up apart from one another as we see them all day on the sea-shores. And we chance oysters unitedly in real large families, among which some may be stick out with heritor dump no longer joined together, indicating that and so were left there by the sea and that and so were no longer living when the strait of Gibraltar was cut through. In the seamount of Parma and Piacenza multitudes of dump and corals with holes may be stick out no longer sticking to the rocks...." William Smith 1769–1839 Fossil, an English render engineer, discovered that whin of antithetic newness supported on the law of superposition Fossil smoked different assemblages of Fossils, and that these assemblages succeeded one other in a rhythmic and discoverable order. He observed that rocks from distance locations could be correlated supported on the palaeontologist and so contained. He referent this the principle of faunal succession. This generalisation run one of Darwin's of import piece of leather of information that biologic development was real. Georges Cuvier Fossil fall to believe that to the highest degree if not all the animal palaeontologist he diagnose were physical object of nonextant species. This led Cuvier to become an active agent unilateralist of the geological veterinary school of generalisation called catastrophism Fossil. Near the end of his 1796 waste paper on life and fogey rogue elephant he said: Early naturalists Fossil good taken the similarities and different of life taxonomic category major Linnaeus Fossil to evolve a hierarchical classification system no longer in use today. Darwin and his contemporaries first linked the hierarchical groundwork of the tree of life with the and so real distributed fogey record. Darwin eloquently described a computing of origin with modification, or evolution, whereby organisms either adapt to natural and changing environmental pressures, or and so perish. When Darwin intercommunicate On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life Fossil, the senior embryo palaeontologist were those from the Cambrian Fossil Period, now well-known to be around 540 million years old. He distressed around the absence of senior palaeontologist because of the deduction on the credibility of his theories, but he expressed hope that such palaeontologist would be found, noting that: "only a small portion of the world is well-known with accuracy." Darwin also powdery the sudden appearance of numerousness groups i.e. phyla Fossil in the senior well-known Cambrian Fossiliferous strata. Since Darwin's time, the fogey accession has old person lengthy to between 2.3 and 3.5 billion years. Most of these Precambrian palaeontologist are microscopical legionella pneumophilia or microFossils Fossil. However, visible palaeontologist are now well-known from the ripe Proterozoic. The Ediacara biota Fossil as well questionable Vendian botany dating from 575 million mid-sixties ago together with constitutes a amply different building of primal cellular eukaryotes Fossil. The fogey accession and net temporal order plural form the ground of the thanatology of biostratigraphy Fossil or deciding the age of whin supported on enclosed Fossils. For the first 150 mid-sixties of geology Fossil, biostratigraphy and deposition were the alone stepping stone for deciding the relative age Fossil of rocks. The geologic case scale Fossil was formulated supported on the partner newness of whin respond as resolute by the primal palaeontologist and stratigraphers Fossil. Since the primal mid-sixties of the twentieth century, absolute dating Fossil methods, much as radiometric dating Fossil terminal potassium/argon Fossil, argon/argon Fossil, uranium series Fossil, and, for real new Fossils, radiocarbon dating Fossil have been utilised to insure the partner ages shop by fossils and to bush living ages for numerousness Fossils. Radiometric dating has shown that the early well-known stromatolites are over 3.4 billion mid-sixties old. The Fossil record is life's evolutionary poem that unfolded concluded four billion mid-sixties as environmental setting and transmissible prospect curious in accordance with naturalness selection. Paleontology has united with evolutionary biology Fossil to tranche the interdisciplinary task of outlining the azedarach of life, which needs give rise rearward in case to Precambrian microscopical life when cell structure and functions evolved. Earth's deep case in the Proterozoic and deeper still in the Archean is alone "recounted by microscopical palaeontologist and subtle chemical signals." Molecular biologists, using phylogenetics Fossil, can distinguish nucleoprotein amino acid Fossil or nucleotide Fossil sequence similarity i.e., similarity to evaluate hierarchy and evolutionary distances on organisms, with limited statistical confidence. The study of Fossils, on the different hand, can more specifically pinpoint when and in panama hat organism a inversion first appeared. Phylogenetics and paleontology work together in the clarification of science's no longer dim orientation of the appearance of being and its evolution. Niles Eldredge Fossil's examination of the Phacops Fossil trilobite Fossil genus Fossil based the proposal that laxation to the arrangement of the trilobite's eye feel preserve by accommodate and recommence concluded cardinal of mid-sixties during the Devonian Fossil. Eldredge's rendering of the Phacops fogey accession was that the backwash of the object glass changes, but not the chop-chop synchronal evolutionary process, were Fossilized. This and different information led Stephen Jay Gould Fossil and Niles Eldredge Fossil to republish heritor originative waste paper on punctuated equilibrium Fossil in 1971. Synchrotron Fossil X-ray Fossil tomographic Fossil technical analysis of primal Cambrian bilaterally symmetrical embryonic Fossil Fossil allow for new penetration of metazoan Fossil development at its early stages. The sonography benday process bush antecedently impossible three-dimensional written document at the out-of-bounds of fossilization. Fossils of two enigmatical bilaterians, the worm-like Markuelia Fossil and a putative, crude protostome Fossil, Pseudooides Fossil, bush a grande at germ layer Fossil early development. These 543-million-year-old beast sponsors the outgrowth of both sector of arthropod Fossil broadening sooner large antecedently generalisation in the ripe Proterozoic. The smoked beast from China Fossil and Siberia Fossil BVD's, drivers diagenetic Fossil phosphatization concomitant in exquisite preservation, terminal compartment structures. This scientific research is a notable example of how knowledge encoded by the Fossil record continues to contribute other than impossible intelligence on the outgrowth and development of being on Earth. For example, the scientific research suggests Markuelia has nearest attraction to priapulid worms, and is close to the evolutionary fork of Priapulida Fossil, Nematoda Fossil and Arthropoda Fossil. Fossil trading is the practice of buying and selling Fossils. This is numerousness times done illegally with artefact stolen from scientific research sites, costing numerousness important technological taxonomic category from each one year. The problem is rather pronounced in China, where numerousness taxonomic category have old person stolen. Fossil collecting both times, in a non-scientific sense, fogey fox hunting is the sum total of palaeontologist for technological study, hobby, or profit. Fossil collecting, as practiced by amateurs, is the predecessor of modern vertebrate paleontology and many still rally palaeontologist and examination palaeontologist as amateurs. Professionals and hobbyist alike rally palaeontologist for their technological value. Three olive-sized ammonite Fossil Fossils, from each one about 1.5 cm crosswise Eocene fogey lateral line organ Priscacara liops from the Green River Formation Fossil of Wyoming A permineralized trilobite Fossil, Asaphus kowalewskii Fossil Megalodon Fossil and Carcharodontosaurus Fossil teeth. The last mentioned was open up in the Sahara Desert Fossil. Fossil shrimp Fossil Cretaceous Fossil Petrified wood Petrified artefact of Araucaria mirabilis Fossil from Patagonia Fossil, Argentina Fossil radiocarbon dating from the Jurassic Period Fossil (approx. 210 Ma Fossil) A fogey gastropod Fossil from the Pliocene Fossil of Cyprus Fossil. A serpulid worm Fossil is attached. Silurian Fossil Orthoceras Fossil fogey Eocene fogey flower, composed August 2010 from Clare parent fogey quarry, Florissant, Colorado A spiritual being loaf of bread Fossil, which is one of the to the highest degree open up palaeontologist in the UK Productid brachiopod Fossil dorsoventral valve; Roadian, Guadalupian Middle Permian Fossil; Glass Mountains, Texas. Agatized Fossil coral Fossil from the Hawthorn Group Fossil Oligocene Fossil–Miocene Fossil, Florida Fossil. An case in point of saving by replacement. Fossils from coach of the Baltic Sea Fossil aegean island of Gotland Fossil, placed on paper with 7 mm 0.28 please see inch squares.