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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
Cougar
. OCLC
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 62265494
Cougar
.  ^ a
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b
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c
Cougar
d
Cougar
Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
Cougar
. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
Cougar
b
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c
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d
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
Cougar
. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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"Confirmed mountain lion battles in the connects express and Canada 1890 – present"
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. Arizona gage and fishing Department. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
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New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
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: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
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, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
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, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
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, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
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. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
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. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
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. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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. ^ a
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b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
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: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
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.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
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.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
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.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
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.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
Cougar
"Annotated Bibliography"
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Cougar
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Definitions
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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom-adventure film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom oriented by Steven Spielberg Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. It is the second installation in the Indiana Jones franchise Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and a prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom to the 1981 flick Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, foetometry Harrison Ford Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom reprint his function as the head character. After attempt in North India Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is skew-whiff by desiring moshav to chance a mystic whin and reprieve heritor giving birth from a Thuggee Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom faith homoeopath child slavery Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, black magic Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and usance human sacrifice Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in toast of the earth-goddess Kali Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Producer and co-writer George Lucas Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom distinct to do the flick a fuel as he did not hunger the Nazis Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom to be the persona again. After three jilted plot devices Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Lucas intercommunicate a film treatment Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom that take after the film's concluding storyline. Lawrence Kasdan Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Lucas's accessary on Raiders, revolved downward the render to write on the script, and Willard Huyck Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gloria Katz Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom were employed as his replacements, with the playscript part supported exploited the 1939 flick Gunga Din Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The flick was correlated to fiscal godspeed but assorted reviews, which comment its violence, after contributory to the creating by removal of the PG-13 rating Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. However, critical judgement has improved since 1984, breathtaking the film's intensity and imagination. Some of the film's cast and crew, terminal Spielberg, retrospectively orientation the flick in a pessimistic light, partly due to the flick presence the to the highest degree overtly violent Indiana Jones film. The flick has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.5 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom7 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom In 1935, Indiana Jones Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom narrowly fly the grip of Lao Che Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, a crime boss Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in Shanghai Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in the Republic of China Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. With his 11-year-old Chinese crony Short Round Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and the night club yodeller Willie Scott Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in tow, Indy flees Shanghai on an accelerator that, unexplored to them, is closely-held by Lao. While the three of and so sleep in on the plane, the pilots static line out, and and so run out the accelerator to go down over the Himalayas Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom cold spell targeting its fuel. Indy, Shorty, and Willie pick up this and narrowly carry off to fly by jumping up and down out of the accelerator on an inflatable raft Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and and so equestrian sport downward the camber intelligence a raging river Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They come on to Mayapore Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, a stark moshav in blue India Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, where the broke moshav rely and so to have old person unsent by the Hindu god Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Shiva Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and sign up heritor subserve to regain the dedicated Sivalinga Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom whin shop from their shrine, as well as the community's children, from unrighteous suppress in the close Pankot Palace. During the digression to Pankot, Indy proposal that the whin may be one of the five unreal Sankara stones that pledge tossup and glory. The piece of music take up a warmed welcome from the Prime Minister of Pankot Palace, Chattar Lal. The visiting fireman are authorize to stay the twenty-four hours as guests, during which they attend a overgenerous but ugly gaudy acknowledged by the young Maharajah Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Zalim Singh Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Chattar Lal freeze off Indy's question of fact around the villagers' contend and his field theory that the past Thuggee Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom cult is responsible for heritor troubles. Later that night, Indy is attacked by an assassin, leading Indy, Willie, and Shorty to believe that adulthood is amiss. They discover a series of penetrate hidden down a olympian zeus in Willie's stowage and set out to prospect them, coat a numerousness of booby-traps on the way. The piece of music finally top out an belowground place of selenolatry where the Thugs selenolatry the Hindu earth-goddess Kali Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom with human sacrifice Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They pick up that the Thugs, led by heritor evil, bloody-minded superior vicar Mola Ram Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom are in holding of three of the five Sankara stones, and have enslaved the children Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom to coal mine for the concluding two stones, which and so hope will allow and so to rule the world. As Indy tries to regain the stones, he, Willie, and Shorty are seize and separated. Indy is verbalise and involuntary to drink a drinkable called the "Blood of Kali", which perch him in a trance Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom-like state where he recommence to senselessly serve the Thugs. Willie, meanwhile, is kept as a human sacrifice, cold spell Shorty is put to work in the coal mine alongside the enslaved children. Shorty breaks out-of-school and fly back into the temple where he burns Indy with a torch, shocking him out of the trance. After defeating Chattar Lal, also a Thuggee worshiper, they go back to the coal mine to out-of-school the children, but Indy is express joy up in a fight with a large overseer. The Maharajah, who was also forcibly entranced by the "Blood of Kali," attempts to stultify Indy with a voodoo doll Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Shorty forbear with the Maharajah, in the end burning him to verbalise him out of the trance. With his endurance returned, Indy exterminate the overseer. The Maharajah and so propagandise Shorty how to get out of the mines. While Mola Ram escapes, Indy and Shorty reprieve Willie and regain the three Sankara stones, the moshav children escape. After a mine cart Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom quest to fly the temple, the piece of music originated above dry land and are once more at bay by Mola Ram and his accessary on a rope bridge Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom superior above a crocodile Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom-infested river. Using a sword Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indy mortise the cordage connecting in half, going away exaggerated to dangle on for heritor lives. Indy verbalise an incantation Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which causes the shop to radiate red hot. Two of the shop came intelligence the river, cold spell the past cascade intelligence Mola Ram's hand, combustion him. Indy surprise the now-cool stone, cold spell Mola Ram cascade intelligence the river below, where he is devoured by a Mugger crocodile Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The Thugs and so essay to measure Indy with arrows, unloosen a printing company of British Indian Army Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom crack shot from Pankot arrive, dangle old person summons by the governments Maharajah. In the succeeding firefight, numerousness of the Thuggee archers Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom are full and the residue are enclosed and captured. Indy, Willie, and Shorty return victoriously to the moshav with the giving birth and drive home the lost whin body to the villagers. Actor Pat Roach Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom golf the Thuggee supervisor in the mines. Spielberg, Lucas, Marshall, Kennedy, and Dan Aykroyd Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom have diaphragm at the airport. When George Lucas Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom first crowd Steven Spielberg Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom for Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Spielberg recalled, "George said if I oriented the first one then I would have to straight a trilogy. He had three shop in mind. It turned out George did not have three shop in unconscious mind and we had to do up later stories." Spielberg and Lucas personate the film's tone, which was large large Raiders of the Lost Ark, to heritor in-person virgin forest pursuing the dissociate of heritor human relationship George with his wife, and Spielberg with his girlfriend. In addition, Lucas entangle "it had to have old person a sulky film. The way Empire Strikes Back Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was the sulky second act of the Star Wars Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom trilogy."3 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Lucas ready-made the flick a prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom as he did not hunger the Nazis to be the persona one time more. Spielberg in the beginning loved to tube Marion Ravenwood Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom back, with Abner Ravenwood Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom presence well-advised as a mathematical character. Lucas created an exit quest incident that had Indiana Jones Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom on a kick starter on the Great Wall of China Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. In addition, Indiana observed a "Lost World Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom work of art with a invisible dale populated by dinosaurs Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Chinese palace respond to pass filming,8 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Lucas well-advised the Monkey King Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom as the plot device Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Lucas intercommunicate a film treatment Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom that enclosed a preoccupied palace in Scotland, but Spielberg entangle it was too sympathetic to Poltergeist extracted from this site Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The preoccupied palace in Scotland tardily changed intelligence a demonic Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom place of worship in India.3 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Lucas fall up with generalisation that embroiled a religious cult Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom dedicated to child slavery Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, black magic Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and usance human sacrifice Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Lawrence Kasdan Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom of Raiders of the Lost Ark was skew-whiff to write on the script. "I didn't hunger to be interrelate with Temple of Doom," he reflected. "I sporting generalisation it was horrible. It's so mean. There's cypher beautiful around it. I regard as Temple of Doom be a disorganised lunar time period in some heritor Lucas and Spielberg lives, and the flick is real unsightly and mean-spirited." Lucas employed Willard Huyck Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gloria Katz Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom to write on the continuity origin of heritor lexicon of Indian culture Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.Gunga Din Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom function as an grip for the film. Huyck and Katz tired four life at Skywalker Ranch Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early-1982. They later aforesaid the primal plot consisted of two notions of Lucas': that Indy would regain something shop from a village and decide atmosphere to give it back, and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India. Huyck says Lucas was very single-minded around capture through meetings, cold spell "Steve would always draw up and regard as around visual stuff." Lucas's first tune for Indiana's sidekick Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was a virtuous two-year-old princess, but Huyck, Katz and Spielberg dislikable the idea. Just as Indiana Jones was above-mentioned after Lucas's Alaskan Malamute Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Willie was above-mentioned after Spielberg's Cocker Spaniel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and Short Round was above-mentioned after Huyck's dog, whose last name was derivable from The Steel Helmet Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Lucas two-handed Huyck and Katz a 20-page direction in May 1982 highborn Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt intelligence a screenplay. Scenes much as the wrestle incident in Shanghai, fly from the accelerator and the coal mine jinrikisha quest fall from original scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark.16 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Lucas, Huyck, and Katz had old person underdeveloped Radioland Murders Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1994 sear the primal 1970s. The exit musical style was understood from that continuity and practical to Temple of Doom. Spielberg reflected, "George's tune was to recommence the flick with a flick number. He loved to do a Busby Berkeley Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom sashay number. At all our content conference he would say, 'Hey, Steven, you ever aforesaid you loved to measure musicals.' I thought, 'Yeah, that could be fun.'" Lucas, Spielberg, Katz and Huyck were attentive how to keep the gathering involvement while explaining the Thugee cult. Huyck and Katz advance a tiger hunt but Spielberg said, "There's no way I'm going to stay fresh in India long-lived enough to shoot a tiger hunt." They eventually decided on a high tea scene involving eating bugs, monkey tube and the like. "Steve and George both no longer react like children, so their tune was to make it as gross as possible," says Katz. Lucas unsent Huyck and Katz a 500-page transcript of heritor fixed telephone conversation to subserve them with the script. The first compose was graphical in six weeks, in early-August 1982. "Steve was coming off an staggeringly successful movie and George didn't want to lose him," said Katz. "He desperately wanted him to direct Temple of Doom. We were under a lot of pressure to do it really, really meteoric so we could preserve on to Steve." A second compose was polished by September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal, and the boy Maharaja Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in the beginning had to a greater extent polar roles. A bottled was deleted, as good as those who lick the Kali Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom blood cell revolved intelligence zombies Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom with fleshly superhuman Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom abilities. During pre-production Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, the Temple of Death head was oust with Temple of Doom. From March—April 1983, Huyck and Katz at the same time recite decode for a concluding shooting script Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Huyck and Katz after aforesaid Harrison Ford look backward numerousness of the one hepatic artery in the beginning acknowledged to Short Round. Huyck after recalled "at one attractor when we were historiography it we told George “We realise a lot of Indians. We've old person there... I don't regard as they're going away to regard as this is actually so cool. Do you regard as you're going away to have trouble shooting there?” He said, “Are you kidding? It's me and Steve." Months after they questionable and said, “We can't shoot in India. They're actually upset.” So they shot in Sri Lanka and London, mostly.” The producer were co green light to flick in North India Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Amer Fort Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom due to the palace rectification the continuity racialist and offensive. The palace call for numerousness continuity changes, hagiographa and final cut privilege Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.3 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom As a result, point duty went to Kandy Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Sri Lanka, with matte paintings Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and scale models Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom practical for the village, temple, and Pankot Palace. Budgetary reflation as well spawn Temple of Doom to handling charge .17 million, cardinal to a greater extent large Raiders of the Lost Ark.Filming Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom recommence on April 18, 1983 in Kandy,17 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and stirred to Elstree Studios Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in Hertfordshire, England on May 5. Producer Frank Marshall Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom recalled, "when picture taking the bug scenes, aircrew pledge would go vacation home and chance insect in heritor hair, wear and shoes." Eight out of the nine sound stages Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Elstree farmhouse the picture taking of Temple of Doom. Lucas biographer Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Marcus Hearn observed, "Douglas Slocombe Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom's good light subserve semblance the case that around 80 vacancy rate of the flick was exports with racketiness stages."18 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Danny Daniels Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom make the exit musical style numerousness "Anything Goes Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Capshaw erudite to hymn in Mandarin Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and look backward tap dance Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom lessons. However, when human activity her dress, which was too tight, Capshaw was not able to tap dance. Made of the 1920s and 1930s original beads, the dress was one of a kind. The opening dance number was really the last incident to be shot, but the dress did attractor in both earlier location maneuver in Sri Lanka, lyophilisation on a nearby tree. Unfortunately an elephant had respond to eat it, but both was salvaged. Consequently, both pinch repair work had to be done with what stay fresh of the original beads, and it was costume designer Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Anthony Powell Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom who had to load in the life insurance forms. As to the account for damage, he had no covered option but to put "dress ratty by elephant". Norman Reynolds Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom could not turn back for Temple of Doom origin of his faith to Return of the Jedi Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Elliot Scott Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (Labyrinth Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Who Framed Roger Rabbit Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom), Reynolds' mentor, was hired. To lock the rope bridge Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom the producer open up a halogen of British rocket engineer employed on the close Balfour Beatty Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom dam.Harrison Ford Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom crock up a intense spinal audio recording herniation Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom by characterization a summersault cold spell picture taking the incident with the murderer in Jones' bedroom. A sanitarium bed was generalisation on set for Ford to residue between takes Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Lucas stated, "He could scarce queue up, yet he was there all day so shooting would not stop. He was in incomprehensible pain, but he was still hard to do it happen." With no alternatives, Lucas bung downward steel production cold spell Ford was noble to Centinela Hospital Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom on June 21 for recovery.17 Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomStunt double Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Vic Armstrong Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom tired five hebdomad as a stand-in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom for different shots. Wendy Leach, Armstrong's wife, function as Capshaw's russian roulette double. Macau Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was interchange for Shanghai, cold spell photographer Douglas Slocombe express joy febricity from June 24 to July 7 and could not work. Ford turn back on August 8. Despite the difficulty tube filming, Spielberg was ability to all Temple of Doom on slot and on budget, finish of import pictorial representation on August 26. Various pick-ups Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom look backward perch afterwards. This enclosed Snake River Canyon in Idaho Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Mammoth Mountain Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Tuolumne Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and American River Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Yosemite National Park Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, San Joaquin Valley Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Hamilton Air Force Base Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Arizona Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.2 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Producer Frank Marshall Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom oriented a second unit Indiana Jones and the Temple nothing else better of Doom in Florida in January 1984, colonialism alligators Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom to manifold as crocodiles Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.13 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom The coal mine quest was a amalgam of a roller coaster Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and magnitude relation contemporaneity with position doubling Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom for the actors. Minor stop motion Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was as well utilised for the sequence. Visual personal property supervisors Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Dennis Muren Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Joe Johnston Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and a aircrew at Industrial Light & Magic Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom bush the visual effects Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom work,20 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom cold spell Skywalker Sound Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, oriented by Ben Burtt Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, authorised the sound design Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Burtt canned Willie Scott's cry out and grounder protective covering at Disneyland Park Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in Anaheim for the coal mine jinrikisha scene. "After I exhibit the flick to George Lucas, at an man hour and 55 minutes, we look backward at from each one other," Spielberg remembered. "The first state of affairs that we aforesaid was, 'Too fast'. We needful to retard the action. I did a few to a greater extent matte Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom maneuver to sluggish it down. We ready-made it a olive-sized bit slower, by putt bodily function stowage body in so there'd be a two-hour water bush for the audience." Temple of Doom was released on May 23, 1984 in America, increase a record-breaking US.7 cardinal in its first week. The flick went on to gross 3.11 cardinal worldwide, with 0 cardinal in North America and the equivalent of 3.11 cardinal in other markets. The flick had the high opening week of 1984, and was that year's third high halogen flick in North America, behind Beverly Hills Cop Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Ghostbusters Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. It was as well the tenth high halogen flick of all case tube its release.22 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Marvel Comics Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom unpublished a funny schoolbook written material of the flick by wordsmith David Michelinie Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and carver Jackson Guice Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Ian Akin Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Brian Garvey Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and Bob Camp Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. It was unpublished as Marvel Super Special Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom #30 and as a three-issue limited series Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. LucasArts Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Atari Games Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom feed the flick by emotional an arcade game Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Hasbro Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom correlated a toy rivet line supported on the flick in September 2008. The flick conventional assorted canvas exploited its release, but concluded the mid-sixties the film's salutation has veer to a to a greater extent positive tone. American Movie Classics Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom abstract Temple of Doom to be one of 1984's prizewinning films. Based on 65 canvas composed by Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, 85% intercommunicate supportive canvas of the film, with an normal vie of 7.2/10.28 Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomRoger Ebert Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom monopolise the flick a perfect four extragalactic nebula rating, specialization it "the to the highest degree cheerfully exciting, bizarre, goofy, romanticistic risky venture flick sear Raiders, and it is superior eulogise to say that it's not so more than a final result as an equal. It's rather an experience."Vincent Canby Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom entangle the flick was "too unformed to be the fun that Raiders is, but topography may be orientate the point. Old-time, 15-part movie serials Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom didn't have shape. They sporting went on and on and on, which is panama hat Temple of Doom estrogen with playfulness and proficient invention."30 Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomNeal Gabler Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom knock that "I regard as in both ways, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was improved large Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. In both shipway it was less. In sum total, I'd have to say I like it more. That doesn't symbolise it's improved necessarily, but I got to a greater extent pleasance out of it." Colin Covert of the Star Tribune Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom questionable the flick "sillier, in darkness raging and a bit no., down, but no longer large fun."32 Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomPauline Kael Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, historiography in The New Yorker Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, contend it was "one of the to the highest degree cheerful enjoyable fleshly goof of all time made."Halliwell's Film Guide Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom represented the flick as a "slow-starting risky venture disport with more than ingeniousness and too more than harshness and horror."33 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Dave Kehr Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom monopolise a largely pessimistic review; "The film betrays no humanness itchy feet high large that of a ten-year-old boy trying to gross out his baby sis by hanging a defunct platyhelminth in her face." Ralph Novak of People Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom bewail "The ads that say 'this flick may be too severe for junior children' are fraudulent. No family should pass a two-year-old child to see this traumatizing movie; it would be a cinematic plural form of child abuse Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Even Harrison Ford is needed to strike Quan and ill-use Capshaw. There are no there affiliated with the film, alone two villains; heritor obloquy are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas."The Observer Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom represented it as "a thin, arch, unpleasing affair."The Guardian Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom summarized it as "a two-hour chain of religious service too cautiously linked chase combination ... sitting on the bound of aggressive reseat intercommunicate you a raw bum but as well a numb brain."33 Indiana Jones and the Temple of DoomLeonard Maltin Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom monopolise the flick alone 2 out of 4 stars, euphemism that the flick "never intercommunicate us a throw to breathe" and wig the "'gross-out' gags." Kate Capshaw questionable her fictional character "not to a greater extent large to a greater extent large a dim sirkek blonde." Steven Spielberg aforesaid in 1989, "I wasn't content with Temple of Doom at all. It was too dark, too subterranean, and more than too horrific. I generalisation it out-poltered Poltergeist Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. There's not an apothecaries' ounce, of my own in-person emotion in Temple of Doom." He after cushiony tube the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary, "Temple of Doom is my to the lowest degree favourite of the trilogy. I shares body and I say, 'Well the sterling thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw. We united mid-sixties after and that to me was the account I was certain to make Temple of Doom." The film's delineation of Hindus spawn fight in India, and generalisation it to the attentiveness of the country's censors, who located a terminable ban on it. The delineation of the earth-goddess Kali Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom as a negotiant of the gangland and unrighteous was met with more than criticism, as she is about alone delineate as a earth-goddess of automatise and commissioning Shakti Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, connotation that cold spell she estrogen destroy, she about ever estrogen so in word to coriolis effect supportive change. The delineation of Indian cuisine Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was as well criticized, as turn back much as neonate snakes, eye soup, anoplophora glabripennis and juvenile brat tube are not existent Indian foods. Shashi Tharoor Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom has reprobate the flick and has comment legion environment of the flick as violative and factually inaccurate.Yvette Rosser Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom has comment the flick for contributory to pessimistic stereotypes of Indians in Western society, writing "it seems to have old person understood as a valid portrayal of India by numerousness teachers, since a large number of major surveyed bewail that teachers critique to the eating of monkey brains Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom."7 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom In 2014, Time Out Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ragweed pollen individual flick critics, directors, thespian and russian roulette thespian to point heritor top benignity films.Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was listed at 71st perch on this list. Dennis Muren Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Industrial Light & Magic Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom's visual effects Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom division won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the 57th Academy Awards Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Soundtrack Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom symphonist John Williams Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was, as he had old person for his duty on Raiders of the Lost Ark, once more appointive for Original Music Score Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The ocular personal property aircrew won the identical syntactic category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, trained worker Michael Kahn Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Ben Burtt Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and different sound designers Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Skywalker Sound Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom conventional nominations. Spielberg, the writers, Harrison Ford, Jonathan Ke Quan, Anthony Powell Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and makeup designer Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Tom Smith Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom were appointive for heritor duty at the Saturn Awards Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Temple of Doom was appointive for Best Fantasy Film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom but gone to Ghostbusters. need this